Friday, October 30, 2009

為何期刊會有排版要求?

期刊通常都會有一定的聲望,尤其是同儕審閱回覆的期刊。投稿這類型的期刊可以提高您的研究能見度同時也是一種研究品質保證。其中部分的品質來自於外觀,印刷的精美程度。而印刷的精美程度則取決於清楚、一致且仔細的排版。

雖然期刊提供詳細的排版指示,但仍有很多的作者會忽略這些說明。這項行為造成文章在獲得錄取後可能會延後出版,因為印刷業者無法分辨比如那一行是標題,那一行是副標題等之類的問題;畢竟,印刷業者並非相關學術背景出身。這也就是為什麼作者依照期刊指示排版會這麼重要的原因了。下面我們提供了幾個排版的要點:

保持排版簡單清爽:作者不需要將文章整理成像出版品一樣,那是編審跟印刷業者的工作。因此,僅需要使用統一的字型,例如Times New Roman,統一字體大小為12。將所有的標題、副標題、內文、圖表、文獻等都設成統一格式,即使有些在印出的時候會變成比較小的字體。

根據期刊在內文中的方式使用粗體及斜體:科學專有名詞通常會以斜體表示,所以請將該名詞用斜體標示。表示Probability的字母P也應用斜體。

句點後只留一個空格:最好使用word裡”尋找和替代”的功能將所有兩個空格代換成一個空格。可以重複這個動作確認所有多餘的空格被刪除。

標題,摘要,副標題長度符合規定:許多期刊會要求摘要長度在150到200字內。同時他們也會限定標題長度。通常是以字數做限定(包含所有空格)。如果您下了比較長的標題,屆時期刊編輯還是會做刪減,如此一來會拖延出版時間。期刊送印的時候,文章標題通常都會是在頁面上方邊緣。這種印刷稱做欄外標題(running heads or headers),由於只有一行的空間,因此需要非常簡短。這也就是為什麼期刊會要求標題長度的原因。

遵守期刊對於標題及副標題大寫之要求:通篇使用同樣的字型並且靠左對齊可能會使您的標題不顯眼。此時依照期刊在標題採用大寫的方式就變得很重要。

Monday, October 26, 2009

為何期刊要求關鍵字?

To publish is to make known. By publishing research papers, journals make research known to their readers. However, most researchers read only a few journals regularly. Typically, these are the journals that focus on topics most relevant to a researcher: those working on rheumatology, for example, may read the Journal of Rheumatology; those working on environmental economics may read the Journal of Environmental Economics; and those working on plant diseases may read Phytopathology. In addition to these specialist journals, most researchers also read – or at least look at the contents page of – one or two multidisciplinary journals such as Nature, Science, or PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [USA]). Researchers read these journals to keep themselves up to date. However, papers that are relevant to or useful to a particular researcher may appear in journals that the researcher does not see regularly or may not see at all. This is where search engines and indexing services prove useful—and they need keywords to do their job.
A keyword is a key to information. Keywords point researchers to relevant papers—papers that may not come to a researcher’s attention in the normal course of her or his reading. Relevant papers may escape notice because they are published in journals that a particular researcher does not read regularly. And even when such papers are published in journals that the researcher does read regularly, he or she may not realize that those papers are relevant because their titles may fail to indicate their relevance. Let us take an example to see why keywords are useful. A paper titled ‘New approaches to the treatment of diabetes’ describes how some medicinal herbs can help in treating the disease. However, the title does not mention this, nor does it mention the names of those herbs. Suitable keywords for such a paper will include the scientific names of those herbs, and a search for any of those names will lead other researchers to that paper.
Therefore, do not use words or terms in the title as keywords: the function of keywords is to supplement the information given in the title. Words in the title are automatically included in indexes, and keywords serve as additional pointers. Lastly, how should you pick keywords? Here are some suggestions.
# If the paper focuses on a particular region (geographic, climatic, etc.), use that as a keyword (semi-arid tropics, the polar region, coniferous forests).
# Consider the experimental material and techniques, which may suggest suitable keywords (HPLC, alkaloids, x-ray crystallography, animal dung).
# Check whether potential applications can serve as keywords (organic farming, treatment of cancer, long-term preservation, energy-efficiency).
# Use specific phenomena or issues as keywords (climate change, air pollution, sustainable development, genetic engineering).
# Lastly, as already mentioned, do not use words or phrases from the title as keywords.

Thursday, October 8, 2009

請勿打擾:寫作時間沒有極限!

研究人員通常常不會把自己跟作家聯想在一起,所以覺得出版是一個恐怖的惡魔。不過,如果能在一開始就能把自己當成作家的話會比較安全。不是只覺得自己該寫些什麼,還覺得可以做些什麼。

通常,當開始一個全新的工作,我們都會想像成品的樣子:文章被刊登在你選擇的期刊上。這會是一段冗長、複雜又艱難的路程。因此,這個計畫就是要一步一步完成整個過程;而且總是只往前看一小步。在大部分的情況下,期刊已經提供了一些要點:標題、摘要、介紹、研究目的與方法、結論、討論及參考資料。身為一個研究員作家必須要延伸這些要點。假設現在的你正面臨這些要點,本篇文章要給你一點小小的建議:說到寫幾段文字,試想你有好長一段時間可以完成(至少一個小時,基本上來說有好幾個小時)。
這是因為剛開始寫作的時候文字出來的很慢,一旦你暖身完成之後,一切就會變得順利且快速許多。如果你中途被打斷,就會失去手感然後重新再來一遍。你可以準備一份綱要在手邊並隨時修改它,增加參考文獻遺漏部分或是在沒有靈感時修改圖表。不過這些動作最好在被打斷的中間空檔時間進行。
再補充幾個小技巧。首先,以字數而非時間作為底線;告訴自己"在寫完五百字以前我絕對不起來"。其次,在你覺得可以很容易重新開始的地方停下。換句話說,才在新段落中寫一兩句話的時候絕對不要停下來。這樣子的話,當你重新開始工作的時候就會容易的多。

Thursday, October 1, 2009

教您撰寫科學論文的隨身手冊

如果您想要一本隨身手冊來隨時提醒您在發表科學資訊時易犯的錯誤,今天Editage要推薦您一本好用的書。
Reader-friendly Scientific Documents是一本大約92頁的小手冊(12.7*18.4公分)。該手冊提供科學研究人員各式撰寫溝通方式的實用指南與實例。Ann Bless和Ed Hull將他們過去四十五年來教導無數科學研究人員溝通技巧的經驗寫在書中。Ed Hull用他特有的幽默表示本書”也會對不希望別人讀他們文章的研究人員有幫助,因為他們會知道不可以怎麼寫。”

簡介強調這本書是給希望有效撰寫給那些不需要讀或是沒有足夠時間閱讀的"真實世界"的人們。接下來的兩個章節將會涵蓋句型與段落,而後面的五個章節將個別針對不同類型的檔案:複查文章、海報、信函、履歷表和摘要。四個實際演練(及其解答)各包含在其中,因此讀者可檢視他們對文章內容吸收多少。總的來說,這是讀這篇網誌的您一定會感到實用的工具書。